本书基于作者从事人工智能领域前沿研究和课程教学的经验编写，从人工智能的起源和发展历程出发，重点介绍了与人工智能相关的主要方法，包括搜索与求解算法、自动推理与定理机器证明、机器学习、自然语言处理和人机交互、文字图像和语音模式识别等，同时对人工智能与未来技术的发展进行了展望。此外，本书还对我国学者在数学机械化与人工智能其他方向的重要贡献进行了较为细致的介绍。本书既可供人工智能、计算机科学、软件工程、数学与信息计算等专业的本科生、研究生学习，也可供人工智能相关领域的教师、研究人员、工程师与技术人员参考。

秦小林，博士，研究员，中国科学院成都计算机应用研究所副总工程师，中国科学院大学岗位教授、博士生导师。主要从事自动推理和空间智能、行业垂直领域大模型研究，入选国家网信创新人才支持计划网信优秀人才、四川省天府青城计划科技创新领军人才、省学术和技术带头人、省顶青和杰青获得者，中国科学院西部青年学者；获省部级一等奖、四川省科技进步奖二等奖、中国产学研合作创新奖、中国技术市场协会金桥奖、中国科学院院长优秀奖等。曾振柄，博士，教授，曾在中国科学院成都计算机应用研究所、华东师范大学、上海大学工作，担任研究员、教授、博士生导师，国务院政府特殊津贴专家。主要从事符号计算、数学机械化、组合优化、人工智能教育软件设计等，获国家自然科学奖二等奖、教育部自然科学奖一等奖、浙江省高等学校科研成果奖三等奖等。

第1章 久远的梦想····································································································（1）
1.1 人类智能：从能人到智人··············································································（1）
1.1.1 人类的进化和脑容量增长 ···········································································（1）
1.1.2 中国最早的乘法口诀表 ··············································································（2）
1.1.3 古巴比伦乘法表和勾股数表 ········································································（5）
1.1.4 古埃及数学运算 ·······················································································（8）
1.1.5 古希腊先哲 ··························································································.（10）
1.1.6 从诸子百家到中西汇通 ···········································································.（22）
1.2 中国古代人工智能梦想 ··············································································.（30）
1.2.1 偃师制造歌舞艺人 ·················································································.（30）
1.2.2 鲁班和墨子的发明 ·················································································.（31）
1.3 西方神话变成现实 ·····················································································.（32）
1.3.1 阿基塔斯的飞鸽 ····················································································.（32）
1.3.2 安提凯希拉机械装置 ··············································································.（33）
1.3.3 帕斯卡齿轮式四则运算器 ········································································.（33）
1.3.4 莱布尼茨手摇计算器 ··············································································.（34）
1.3.5 雅卡尔穿孔卡片机 ·················································································.（34）
1.3.6 巴贝奇差分机 ·······················································································.（35）
第2章 艰难的历程·································································································.（37）
2.1 定理自动证明 ····························································································.（37）
2.1.1 数理逻辑证明 ·······················································································.（37）
2.1.2 归结与重写 ··························································································.（38）
2.1.3 四色定理 ·····························································································.（39）
2.1.4 推理引擎 ·····························································································.（39）
2.1.5 王浩的贡献 ··························································································.（40）
2.1.6 开普勒猜想 ··························································································.（41）
2.2 从专家系统到知识工程 ···············································································（42）
2.2.1 第一个专家系统 ····················································································.（42）
2.2.2 MYCIN医疗专家系统 ············································································.（43）
2.2.3 知识中蕴藏力量 ····················································································.（44）
2.2.4 知识库系统 ··························································································.（45）
2.2.5 将知识工程用于教育 ··············································································.（46）
2.3 自然语言处理 ····························································································.（47）
2.3.1 乔姆斯基的转换生成语法理论 ··································································.（48）
2.3.2 最早的机器翻译系统 ··············································································.（49）
2.3.3 语音识别与语音合成 ··············································································.（50）
2.3.4 光学字符识别 ·······················································································.（51）
2.3.5 手写识别 ·····························································································.（52）
2.3.6 其他程序 ·····························································································.（53）
2.4 计算机下棋································································································.（54）
2.4.1 计算机下跳棋 ·······················································································.（54）
2.4.2 计算机下国际象棋 ·················································································.（56）
2.4.3 计算机下围棋 ·······················································································.（57）
2.4.4 计算机下五子棋 ····················································································.（58）
第3章 中国学者的贡献··························································································.（59）
3.1 制造计算机································································································.（59）
3.1.1 电子计算机科研小组 ··············································································.（59）
3.1.2 仿制103计算机和104计算机 ··································································.（59）
3.1.3 自力更生研制计算机 ··············································································.（60）
3.1.4 第二代和第三代计算机 ···········································································.（61）
3.2 早期的人工智能·························································································.（63）
3.2.1 俄汉自动翻译电子计算机 ········································································.（63）
3.2.2 智能下棋计算机 ····················································································.（64）
3.2.3 最早的汉字点阵打印装置 ········································································.（65）
3.2.4 电子式中文快速译码机 ···········································································.（66）
3.2.5 人工智能高炮指挥仪 ··············································································.（67）
3.2.6 医学大数据与中医专家系统 ·····································································.（67）
3.2.7 生产过程智能控制 ·················································································.（68）
3.2.8 手写数字和汉语语音识别 ········································································.（70）
3.3 汉字激光照排系统 ·····················································································.（71）
3.3.1 从铅与火到光与电 ·················································································.（71）
3.3.2 748工程······························································································.（73）
3.3.3 王选的贡献 ··························································································.（73）
3.3.4 成功的产业化 ·······················································································.（74）
3.4 从语言、逻辑、计算到知识工程 ································································.（75）
3.4.1 广义短语结构文法分析系统 ·····································································.（75）
3.4.2 可执行时序逻辑语言 ··············································································.（76）
3.4.3 相似性原理 ··························································································.（76）
3.4.4 知识工程语言与计算机辅助动画生成技术 ···················································.（77）
3.5 数学机械化································································································.（78）
3.5.1 吴文俊的贡献 ·······················································································.（78）
3.5.2 可读证明 ·····························································································.（79）
3.5.3 不等式机器证明 ····················································································.（81）
3.5.4 自动推理与智能教育平台 ········································································.（82）
第4章 搜索与求解·································································································.（84）
4.1 树的搜索 ···································································································.（84）
4.1.1 树、网络与图 ·······················································································.（84）
4.1.2 24点问题 ····························································································.（85）
4.1.3 八数码问题 ··························································································.（87）
4.1.4 魔方还原 ·····························································································.（89）
4.2 Alpha-Beta剪枝 ·························································································.（94）
4.2.1 剪枝 ···································································································.（94）
4.2.2 井字棋游戏 ··························································································.（95）
4.2.3 策略函数和评价函数 ··············································································.（96）
4.2.4 剪枝过程 ·····························································································.（99）
4.2.5 蒙特卡罗树搜索 ····················································································（103）
4.3 网络搜索 ···································································································（105）
4.3.1 最短路径算法 ·······················································································（105）
4.3.2 动态规划 ·····························································································（109）
4.3.3 A*搜索 ·······························································································（110）
4.4 遗传算法 ···································································································（111）
4.4.1 旅行商问题 ··························································································（111）
4.4.2 算法过程 ·····························································································（112）
第5章 推理与证明·································································································（116）
5.1 规则匹配的推理·························································································（116）
5.1.1 自动推理中的规则集 ··············································································（116）
5.1.2 匹配、重写与回溯 ·················································································（117）
5.2 代数计算的机器证明··················································································（118）
5.2.1 初等几何机械化 ····················································································（118）
5.2.2 吴方法 ································································································（122）
5.2.3 单点和多点例证法 ·················································································（123）
5.2.4 不等式的机器证明 ·················································································（126）
5.3 符号计算 ···································································································（128）
5.3.1 计算机代数 ··························································································（128）
5.3.2 消去法 ································································································（131）
5.3.3 人工智能的符号计算 ··············································································（132）
第6章 会学习的机器·····························································································（134）
6.1 分类算法 ···································································································（134）
6.1.1 支持向量机 ··························································································（134）
6.1.2 朴素贝叶斯算法 ····················································································（135）
6.1.3 K邻近算法 ··························································································（137）
6.2 聚类算法 ···································································································（138）
6.2.1 K-Means算法 ·······················································································（138）
6.2.2 高斯混合模型 ·······················································································（138）
6.2.3 DBSCAN算法 ······················································································（139）
6.3 回归算法 ···································································································（140）
6.3.1 线性回归 ·····························································································（140）
6.3.2 逻辑回归 ·····························································································（141）
6.3.3 多项式回归 ··························································································（142）
6.4 群体智能和仿生智能··················································································（143）
6.4.1 群体智能和元胞自动机 ···········································································（143）
6.4.2 蜂群和蚁群算法 ····················································································（145）
第7章 能交流的机器·····························································································（149）
7.1 自然语言理解 ··························································································.（149）
7.1.1 自动分词 ·····························································································（149）
7.1.2 词性标注 ·····························································································（150）
7.1.3 句法分析 ·····························································································（151）
7.1.4 语义分析 ·····························································································（152）
7.2 人机对话 ·································································································.（154）
7.2.1 人机对话系统 ·······················································································（154）
7.2.2 人机对话系统结构 ·················································································（155）
7.2.3 人机对话渲染器 ····················································································（155）
7.3 情感计算 ·································································································.（156）
7.3.1 情绪、情感和情感计算 ···········································································（156）
7.3.2 微表情检测 ··························································································（156）
7.3.3 自然语言情感检测 ·················································································（159）
7.4 大模型技术································································································（159）
7.4.1 预训练大模型 ·······················································································（159）
7.4.2 大语言模型 ··························································································（161）
7.4.3 视觉大模型 ··························································································（161）
7.4.4 多模态大模型 ·······················································································（163）
第8章 可辨识的机器·····························································································（165）
8.1 印刷文字识别 ····························································································（165）
8.1.1 车牌识别 ·····························································································（165）
8.1.2 印刷汉字与文档识别 ··············································································（166）
8.1.3 数学公式识别 ·······················································································（166）
8.2 手写文字识别 ····························································································（167）
8.2.1 神经网络的识别方法 ··············································································（167）
8.2.2 手写识别的数学本质 ··············································································（169）
8.2.3 识别函数的计算过程 ··············································································（170）
8.3 语音识别 ···································································································（172）
8.3.1 语音识别过程 ·······················································································（172）
8.3.2 模板匹配 ·····························································································（173）
8.3.3 语音频谱图 ··························································································（174）
8.3.4 频谱图的声音识别应用 ···········································································（176）
8.4 人脸识别 ···································································································（177）
8.4.1 人脸数字化 ··························································································（177）
8.4.2 人脸相似度 ··························································································（181）
第9章 人工智能的未来··························································································（182）
9.1 创造力、艺术与人工智能···········································································（182）
9.1.1 人工智能的创造力 ·················································································（182）
9.1.2 计算机文学创作 ····················································································（183）
9.1.3 计算机艺术创作 ····················································································（184）
9.1.4 计算机科学研究 ····················································································（185）
9.2 自我意识和情感·························································································（186）
9.2.1 自我意识与镜子测试 ··············································································（186）
9.2.2 机器意识 ·····························································································（187）
9.2.3 机器人与自我意识测试 ···········································································（188）
9.2.4 机器情感 ·····························································································（189）
9.3 机器生命 ···································································································（190）
9.3.1 能自我复制的机器 ·················································································（190）
9.3.2 活在计算机中的机器生命 ········································································（190）
9.3.3 科幻电影中的人工生命 ···········································································（191）
9.3.4 人机结合体 ··························································································（191）
9.4 量子计算与人工智能··················································································（192）
9.4.1 神奇的量子 ··························································································（192）
9.4.2 国外量子计算机技术 ··············································································（193）
9.4.3 中国光量子计算机 ·················································································（195）
9.5 哲学思考：人和机器的关系 ·······································································（196）
9.5.1 人是机器吗 ··························································································（196）
9.5.2 量变产生质变 ·······················································································（196）
9.5.3 虚拟大脑 ·····························································································（197）
9.5.4 机器人与地球文明 ·················································································（197）
9.5.5 人工智能的潜在风险 ··············································································（198）