本书是高等院校本科教材。本书秉承“理论牵引、实践驱动”的理念，全面讲解 C 语言核心知识与编程思维。全书共 8 章，内容涵盖 C 语言的简单编程、循环程序设计与数据加工、计算思维、嵌套结构与流程控制、构造数据类型与指针、模块化程序设计、进阶编程和文件操作等核心内容。本书采用“从已知（数学、自然语言思维）到未知（C 语言程序）”的递进式教学法，依托三大支柱：? 知识关联：将数学、自然语言思维无缝融入 C 语言语法，实现平滑过渡，入门轻松。? 知识串联：以“计数→循环→数组→指针→常用表”为核心内容主线，环环相扣，逐步构建编程思维，实现知识贯通。? 案例驱动：通过“问题分析→建模→算法设计→编程实现”的完整训练流程，在解决真实问题中培养计算思维。本书特别以模块化程序设计为贯穿主线：自第 4 章起，有机融入函数设计与模块化开发案例，引导读者从零散编码转向结构化、可复用的编程思维，为构建复杂程序打下坚实基础。本书配有完备的电子课件、实验大纲、习题及难点可视化（如位运算、移位运算、排序、动态链表演示），形成立体化教学资源包，支持多种教学与自学场景。

吕振洪，男，浙江师范大学数学与计算机科学学院副教授，毕业于国防科技大学。主要从事计算机科学与技术领域的教学科研工作，研究方向涵盖算法设计、软件工程及自动化技术。2006年作为第一作者在《浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版)》发表《一种快速的条件组合算法》，提出通过限界函数优化解决低阶缺陷幻方复原问题。现担任浙江师范大学人工智能算法及应用系统研发工作室指导教师，带领团队在智慧教育、电子商务等领域完成产学研合作项目，累计科研经费超1000万元?。代表性论文包括《用可视化法建立二叉树实例》《基于PCI总线的高速视频图像采集卡》等。

目 录
第 1 章 C 语言的简单编程·············································································.1
1.1 C 语言的简易程序与框架 ····································································.1
1.1.1 最简单的程序 ·············································································.1
1.1.2 带输出的程序 ·············································································.3
1.1.3 带输入/输出的程序········································································.5
1.1.4 数学表达式与 C 语言表达式································································.6
1.1.5 简单的赋值语句 ···········································································.7
1.1.6 单文件 C 语言程序的程序框架 ···························································.8
1.2 简单的 if 语句···················································································10
1.2.1 不带 else 的 if 语句········································································10
1.2.2 带 else 的 if 语句 ··········································································12
1.3 程序执行的幕后 ················································································13
1.3.1 源程序到可执行程序的转换 ······························································14
1.3.2 程序执行的“舞台”：冯?诺依曼架构 ··················································15
1.3.3 程序执行中的数据流与转换 ······························································15
1.3.4 数的存储···················································································17
1.3.5 数的表示···················································································19
1.4 习题 ·······························································································24
第 2 章 简单循环程序设计及数据加工······························································25
2.1 简单计数原理与循环语句 ····································································25
2.1.1 计数模式···················································································25
2.1.2 for 循环语句与计数模式 ··································································26
2.1.3 while 循环语句与计数模式 ·································································28
2.1.4 do-while 循环语句与计数模式 ····························································30
2.1.5 循环的定步长和变步长 ···································································31
2.1.6 计数模式在数组中的应用·································································32
2.2 累加模式 ·························································································34
2.3 连乘积模式 ······················································································35
2.4 数据加工方法 ···················································································36
2.4.1 字符到数值的转换 ········································································36
2.4.2 开关切换···················································································37
2.4.3 整除与求余 ················································································39
2.5 承上启下模式 ···················································································41
2.6 跟踪模式 ·························································································44
2.7 一票否决模式 ···················································································46
2.8 首尾不一模式 ···················································································47
2.9 随机数模式 ······················································································50
2.10 习题 ·····························································································50
第 3 章 C 语言基础及计算思维·······································································52
3.1 C 语言数据类型 ················································································52
3.1.1 整型数据···················································································54
3.1.2 字符型数据 ················································································57
3.1.3 实数类型···················································································59
3.1.4 选择合适的数据类型······································································60
3.2 运算符、表达式和表达式语句 ······························································61
3.2.1 运算符及优先级结合性 ···································································61
3.2.2 运算符与表达式 ···········································································63
3.2.3 基本数据类型之间的相互转换 ···························································67
3.2.4 表达式语句 ················································································69
3.3 基本的输入/输出 ···············································································69
3.3.1 C 语言的格式化输出 ······································································69
3.3.2 C 语言的格式化输入 ······································································73
3.3.3 其他非格式化的输入/输出函数···························································75
3.4 计算思维 ·························································································75
3.4.1 结构化程序设计方法······································································76
3.4.2 算法························································································78
3.4.3 计算思维的实现（C 语言） ·································································80
3.5 习题 ·······························································································81
第 4 章 C 语言嵌套结构与流程控制 ·································································82
4.1 if 语句的嵌套 ···················································································82
4.1.1 简单的 if 语句嵌套 ········································································82
4.1.2 空悬 else 问题 ·············································································84
4.1.3 多分支 if-else 语句 ········································································85
4.2 switch 语句 ······················································································87
4.3 循环体中的 break 和 continue 语句 ·························································91
4.4 多重循环 ·························································································93
4.4.1 多重循环的实现策略······································································94
4.4.2 五种常见形态的二重循环·································································97
4.4.3 多重循环的算法优化···································································.101
4.5 习题 ····························································································.104
第 5 章 构造数据类型与指针·······································································.106
5.1 一维数组 ······················································································.106
5.1.1 一维数组的定义和引用 ································································.106
5.1.2 数组与循环程序设计···································································.110
5.1.3 字符数组与字符串 ·····································································.112
5.1.4 一维数组的综合应用···································································.115
5.2 指针 ····························································································.118
5.2.1 指针与指针变量 ········································································.118
5.2.2 指针变量的定义 ········································································.118
5.2.3 指针变量的核心特性与价值 ···························································.119
5.2.4 指针变量的使用规则···································································.119
5.2.5 多级指针················································································.120
5.2.6 指针变量的解引用语法 ································································.121
5.2.7 追踪接口绑定轨迹 ·····································································.121
5.2.8 指针变量的常用场景···································································.125
5.2.9 利用指针访问数组 ·····································································.127
5.3 二维数组与指针 ·············································································.130
5.3.1 二维数组的初始化和元素引用 ························································.131
5.3.2 二维数组的循环遍历与编程实现 ······················································.134
5.3.3 指针数组的定义与典型应用 ···························································.135
5.3.4 数组指针及使用 ········································································.139
5.3.5 二维数组指针运算的近似与等价关系·················································.141
5.3.6 数组指针的综合应用···································································.144
5.4 结构体 ·························································································.149
5.4.1 结构体的定义和初始化 ································································.149
5.4.2 结构体变量、指针、数组及应用 ······················································.155
5.5 联合体（共用体） ··········································································.163
5.6 枚举类型 ······················································································.165
5.6.1 枚举类型的定义和使用 ································································.165
5.6.2 枚举类型的综合应用···································································.166
5.7 引用类型 ······················································································.168
5.8 习题 ····························································································.171
第 6 章 模块化程序设计·············································································.173
6.1 函数基础 ······················································································.173
6.1.1 函数定义················································································.174
6.1.2 函数调用················································································.176
6.1.3 函数声明················································································.177
6.1.4 函数定义、声明与调用案例 ···························································.177
6.1.5 函数栈* ·················································································.179
6.2 函数参数的传递方式 ·······································································.181
6.2.1 函数参数的值传递 ·····································································.181
6.2.2 函数参数的指针传递···································································.182
6.2.3 函数参数的引用传递···································································.183
6.3 函数的返回类型和返回值 ·································································.184
6.4 自定义函数的参数表 ·······································································.187
6.4.1 数组作为函数参数时的指针本质 ······················································.187
6.4.2 结构体等复合类型参数 ································································.195
6.4.3 经典参数表分析 ········································································.196
6.4.4 函数指针参数与模块可替换 ···························································.199
6.4.5 函数的相对独立性和参数表设计原则·················································.204
6.5 递归算法与递归函数 ·······································································.207
6.5.1 递归与数学归纳法 ·····································································.209
6.5.2 递归算法的微观验证与宏观理解 ······················································.212
6.5.3 递归算法设计 ··········································································.213
6.6 作用域与存储类别 ··········································································.215
6.6.1 局部变量················································································.215
6.6.2 全局变量················································································.217
6.6.3 变量隐藏················································································.219
6.6.4 变量的存储类别 ········································································.221
6.7 模块化程序设计与综合应用 ·······························································.225
6.7.1 自顶向下设计 ··········································································.226
6.7.2 自顶向下和自底向上方法·······························································.228
6.7.3 实现细节················································································.230
6.7.4 逐步求精的优势 ········································································.233
6.8 习题 ····························································································.233
第 7 章 C 语言的进阶编程··········································································.235
7.1 常用表的数据组织及应用 ·································································.235
7.1.1 索引表 ··················································································.235
7.1.2 跳转表 ··················································································.239
7.1.3 动态数组················································································.242
7.1.4 动态链表················································································.246
7.1.5 静态链表················································································.259
7.2 类封装的模块化程序设计 ·································································.265
7.2.1 问题分析················································································.266
7.2.2 万年历问题的数据模型 ································································.266
7.2.3 struct 程序模块的组织 ·································································.268
7.2.4 算法设计和案例程序···································································.269
7.2.5 万年历案例程序的改进 ································································.272
7.3 习题 ····························································································.276
第 8 章 文件····························································································.278
8.1 文件概述 ······················································································.278
8.1.1 Windows 的树形目录结构 ·······························································.278
8.1.2 应用程序读写文件的原理 ·······························································.279
8.2 文件操作基础 ················································································.280
8.2.1 打开文件················································································.281
8.2.2 关闭文件················································································.281
8.2.3 文件结构体 FILE 与 FILE 指针 ························································.281
8.2.4 流式的概念 ·············································································.282
8.2.5 文本文件与二进制文件 ································································.283
8.2.6 文件定位方式与文件的当前位置 ······················································.284
8.3 有结构文件的读写 ··········································································.285
8.4 随机与顺序读写文件 ·······································································.289
8.4.1 按学号的随机和顺序查找·······························································.290
8.4.2 按二分法随机查找 ·····································································.292
8.4.3 按名字的顺序查找 ·····································································.293
8.5 用定长结构管理可变数据 ·································································.294
8.5.1 dBaseⅢ的逻辑结构 ····································································.294
8.5.2 dBaseⅢ的存储结构 ····································································.296
8.5.3 显示 dBaseⅢ数据库····································································.297
8.6 习题 ····························································································.301
附录 A 关键字 ·························································································.302
附录 B ASCII 码对照表··············································································.303
附录 C 预处理指令 ···················································································.304
参考文献··································································································.305