本书系统梳理了大脑中的"GPS”：空间导航这一人类基本认知能力的脑网络机制，结合认知神经科学前沿研究成果，从静态功能连接、动态网络、到儿童功能网络发展变化不同维度，深入探讨了空间导航的脑网络基础及其发展轨迹。作者采用磁共振扫描技术，结合大样本多模态神经影像数据与个体差异分析方法，首次构建了基于元分析的空间导航脑网络图谱，揭示了导航功能脑网络在整合与分离之间的组织原则；进一步引入动态功能连接分析，首次在空间导航领域实现了认知功能与动态网络状态的精准映射。此外，作者从发展视角出发，比较儿童与成人在静息态与任务态下的导航网络差异，提出导航网络在发育过程中趋向模块化与任务灵活性增强的双重演化路径。

郝鑫，华中师范大学心理学院，副教授，硕士研究生导师。于北京师范大学心理学部获得认知神经科学博士学位。围绕空间认知和智能人机交互的认知神经机制及其儿童发展轨迹，结合功能磁共振成像（fMRI）、脑磁图(MEG)、脑电分析、经颅磁刺激(TMS)、经颅电刺激（tDCS/tACS）等技术进行多层面融合研究。目前主持国家自然科学基金青年项目（2022年）、教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目（2021年）、湖北省自然科学基金青年项目（2020年）、武汉市知识创新专项曙光计划（2023年）、华中师范大学优秀青年团队项目（2022年）和青少年网络心理与行为教育部重点实验室开放课题等多项科研项目（2021年）等项目。到目前为止，共发表SCI/SSCI等学术论文20余篇，包括中科院TOP期刊NeuroImage、Brain Structure and Function等。指导本科生荣获国家级比赛特等奖1人，一等奖1人，二等奖1人等，获优秀指导老师。

第一章 空间导航的认知神经科学导论
1.1 理论基础：从哲学思辨到神经生物学突破 ·········································.2
1.1.1 哲学起源：空间感知是先天还是后天 ·······································.2
1.1.2 里程碑发现：从位置细胞到网格细胞 ·······································.2
1.1.3 空间细胞家族的扩展 ···························································.4
1.1.4 从动物模型到人类研究：跨物种的探索与挑战 ···························.5
1.2 方法进展：从行为观察到多模态脑成像 ············································.6
1.2.1 实验动物研究：电生理记录的黄金标准 ····································.6
1.2.2 人类研究：fMRI 的核心地位 ·················································.7
1.2.3 实验范式 ··········································································.9
1.3 空间导航的理论进展···································································.11
1.4 空间导航的脑功能网络：从核心到外周 ············································13
1.4.1 核心子网络：导航的“明星脑区” ··········································14
1.4.2 外周子网络：导航的“支持系统” ··········································16
1.5 空间导航的脑网络的发展轨迹 ························································17
1.5.1 空间导航行为的发展 ···························································17
1.5.2 空间导航的脑网络的发展······················································21
1.6 本书的研究框架与核心问题 ···························································23
第二章 空间导航的脑网络：从结构到功能的整合
2.1 引言 ························································································26
2.1.1 从群体共性到个体差异的范式革新 ··········································26
2.1.2 关键科学问题提炼 ······························································29
2.2 研究方法：多模态影像分析的整合运用 ············································29
2.2.1 基于体素的形态测量：结构差异的探测器 ·································29
2.2.2 任务态 fMRI：功能特异性的检验场·········································30
2.2.3 静息态功能连接：网络连接的描绘笔 ·······································31
2.2.4 数据分析过程 ····································································32
2.2.5 空间认知能力的行为评估：方向感量化 ····································33
2.3 结果发现：三大功能模块组成层级导航网络 ······································34
2.3.1 结构-行为关联：灰质体积预示导航能力 ··································34
2.3.2 功能分化：从结构到功能的映射 ·············································35
2.3.3 层级化网络：三大相对独立的功能模块 ····································36
2.3.4 控制分析 ··········································································38
2.4 讨论 ························································································39
2.4.1 分工协作与模块化优势·························································39
2.4.2 神经退行性疾病的早期预警价值 ·············································40
2.4.3 未来研究方向 ····································································40
第三章 基于元分析的空间导航的脑网络构建：从孤立发现到系统整合
3.1 引言 ························································································44
3.1.1 单任务范式的局限性：难以覆盖导航全貌 ·································45
3.1.2 关键科学问题提炼 ······························································46
3.2 研究方法：从神经影像元分析到网络构建与验证 ································46
3.2.1 使用神经影像元分析方法定义空间导航的脑网络 ························46
3.2.2 有效性分析：多维度验证元分析网络的可靠性 ···························48
3.2.3 基于脑区水平的空间导航的脑网络构建 ····································49
3.3 结果发现：从体素到脑区的导航网络图谱 ·········································49
3.3.1 基于体素水平的空间导航的脑网络 ··········································49
3.3.2 网络有效性的双重验证·························································51
3.3.3 构建脑区水平网络 ······························································52
3.4 讨论 ························································································54
3.4.1 方法创新与网络建构的科学意义：从碎片到整体 ························55
3.4.2 双重验证：解剖与功能的黄金标准 ··········································56
3.4.3 空间分布特征：颞-枕与额-顶区域的分布式结构 ························56
3.4.4 理论启示：揭示人脑导航的独特性 ··········································59
3.4.5 未来研究方向 ····································································59
第四章 空间导航的脑网络的静态功能架构
4.1 引言 ························································································62
4.1.1 核心导航脑区的功能特征······················································62
4.1.2 功能连接：脑区协同的通信纽带 ·············································63
4.1.3 全局网络组织：整合与分离原则 ·············································64
4.1.4 关键科学问题提炼 ······························································65
4.2 研究方法：基于静息态功能连接的全局网络分析 ································65
4.2.1 静息态 fMRI 的选择依据与扫描流程 ········································65
4.2.2 磁共振成像数据采集参数······················································66
4.2.3 核心测量指标：网络内连接和网络之间连接 ······························66
4.2.4 行为测量：场景再认能力······················································68
4.2.5 脑-行为关联分析 ································································69
4.3 结果发现：整合与分离共同支撑场景识别 ·········································70
4.3.1 导航网络呈现显著的模块化结构 ·············································70
4.3.2 网络内整合促进场景识别······················································71
4.3.3 网络之间分离与场景再认能力的关联 ·······································73
4.3.4 海马与顶内沟：双重枢纽的发现 ·············································74
4.4 讨论 ························································································75
4.4.1 空间导航的脑网络的模块化特性及双重枢纽 ······························75
4.4.2 海马：空间构形加工的特异性枢纽 ··········································76
4.4.3 顶内沟：跨认知领域的资源协调者 ··········································77
4.4.4 理论启示：从单一脑区到网络交互 ··········································78
4.4.5 未来研究方向 ····································································79
第五章 认知地图形成的神经基础
5.1 引言 ························································································82
5.1.1 行为证据：坐标系经验塑造空间记忆优势 ·································82
5.1.2 神经基础：从细胞到脑区的坐标系表征 ····································83
5.1.3 关键科学问题提炼 ······························································84
5.2 研究方法：从行为测量到多模态脑成像 ············································85
5.2.1 行为测量范式 ····································································85
5.2.2 多模态神经影像分析 ···························································87
5.2.3 静息态 fMRI 预处理 ····························································88
5.2.4 功能连接分析 ····································································89
5.3 结果发现：内嗅皮层坐标系功能区-海马环路是坐标系表征的核心通路 ····90
5.3.1 日常坐标系使用越频繁，认知地图越精确 ·································90
5.3.2 右侧内嗅皮层是坐标系经验的脑结构基础 ·································91
5.3.3 内嗅坐标区与海马亚区的功能连接预测认知地图精度 ··················92
5.4 讨论 ························································································93
5.4.1 支持经典理论，拓展认知地图模型 ··········································94
5.4.2 功能分工假说：全局与局部参考框架 ·······································94
5.4.3 未来研究方向 ····································································95
第六章 空间导航功能网络的动态特性
6.1 引言 ························································································98
6.1.1 研究范式：从静态连接到动态网络 ··········································98
6.1.2 双重空间表征系统 ······························································99
6.1.3 内侧颞叶的核心作用与局限················································.100
6.1.4 内侧颞叶的功能连接模式···················································.101
6.1.5 空间导航的脑网络的模块化组织 ··········································.101
6.1.6 关键科学问题提炼 ···························································.102
— X —
6.2 研究方法：动态功能连接分析的计算框架 ······································.103
6.2.1 研究方案 ·······································································.103
6.2.2 数据采集 ·······································································.104
6.2.3 定义导航核心和外周子网络················································.106
6.2.4 动态功能连接建模 ···························································.107
6.2.5 功能连接状态聚类 ···························································.109
6.2.6 动态功能连接状态的行为关联分析 ·······································.110
6.3 结果发现：动态网络状态与空间表征的分离 ···································.110
6.3.1 导航网络的模块化结构验证················································.110
6.3.2 核心子网络内部的动态状态：弱连接和强连接 ························.112
6.3.3 弱连接状态支持相对空间关系表征 ·······································.113
6.3.4 核心- 外周子网络之间的动态状态：负连接和正连接 ················.115
6.3.5 负连接状态支持绝对空间关系表征 ·······································.117
6.4 讨论 ·····················································································.119
6.4.1 导航网络结构与动态组织···················································.119
6.4.2 双重分离：认知功能与动态状态 ··········································.120
6.4.3 双重分离：神经机制阐释···················································.122
6.4.4 理论启示：为何“弱”与“负”才是最优 ······························.124
6.4.5 未来研究方向 ·································································.124
第七章 空间导航功能网络的发展：从儿童到成人的脑网络演化
7.1 引言 ·····················································································.128
7.1.1 发展认知神经科学的兴起···················································.128
7.1.2 导航网络的成人基准框架···················································.128
7.1.3 发育研究的矛盾迷局 ························································.129
7.1.4 静息态功能网络的缺失拼图················································.132
7.1.5 从模块化重组视角重构发展叙事 ··········································.132
7.1.6 关键科学问题提炼 ···························································.133
7.2 研究方法：“静息态+任务态”双模态 fMRI 设计·····························.134
— XI —
7.2.1 年龄选择依据：捕捉发展的“关键窗口” ······························.134
7.2.2 研究方案 ·······································································.134
7.2.3 方法选择的依据 ······························································.135
7.2.4 被试构成与伦理规范 ························································.136
7.2.5 导航网络构建：基于元分析的客观界定 ·································.137
7.2.6 fMRI 数据采集：双模态扫描 ··············································.137
7.2.7 数据预处理流程 ······························································.138
7.2.8 功能连接计算与子网络划分················································.139
7.2.9 年龄相关变化：置换检验框架·············································.140
7.2.10 质量控制分析：排除五类混杂因素 ·····································.141
7.3 结果发现：导航网络发育的三大核心规律 ······································.142
7.3.1 成人基准：导航网络的模块化架构 ·······································.142
7.3.2 儿童期已具雏形：静息态下的初步分离 ·································.144
7.3.3 静息态网络组织的差异化发展·············································.145
7.3.4 任务态调制：成人动态灵活性的优势 ····································.148
7.3.5 结果控制：五维稳健性验证体系 ··········································.152
7.4 讨论：静息分化与任务灵活的双轨演化 ·········································.155
7.4.1 发展的连续性：儿童期已经具备成熟的网络雏形 ·····················.156
7.4.2 年龄相关差异：模块化与灵活性的双重发展 ···························.156
7.4.3 任务的重塑力：从功能架构到动态重组 ·································.157
7.4.4 灵活性的飞跃：成人卓越的网络调控能力 ······························.158
7.4.5 行为-神经的桥梁：从粗放到精细的导航技能获得····················.159
7.4.6 未来研究方向 ·································································.160
第八章 从脑功能网络到人类未来的空间认知
8.1 全书总结：构建空间导航的统一认知神经框架 ································.164
8.2 跨领域融合与应用展望：从实验室走向现实世界 ·····························.166
8.3 迈向整合的空间认知科学 ···························································.169
结语 ·································································································.171
参考文献···························································································.173