本书涵盖无线通信的基本原理、关键技术和系统设计，主要内容包括无线通信系统概述，无线信道模型，无线数字调制技术，分集、信道编码与均衡，扩频系统及RAKE接收机扩频技术，多载波调制与多天线系统，以及双工、多址与蜂窝设计基础。

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2003年1月至2004年1月在美国匹兹堡大学任访问学者

Contents
Chapter 1 Wireless communications overview 1
1.1 History of wireless communications 1
1.1.1 Wireless communications in the preindustrial period 1
1.1.2 First radio transmission demonstration 2
1.1.3 Wireless voice transmission and the cellular systems 2
1.1.4 Packet radio 3
1.1.5 Radio paging 4
1.1.6 Satellite communications 5
1.2 Technical challenges of wireless communications 6
1.2.1 Signal propagation characteristics and fading effects 6
1.2.2 Spectrum regulations and limitations 8
1.2.3 Energy constrains 11
1.2.4 User mobility constrains 12
1.2.5 Cross-layer design 13
1.3 Wireless systems and standards 13
1.3.1 Cellular telephone systems 13
1.3.2 Wireless local area networks 21
1.3.3 Cordless telephone 24
1.3.4 Satellite networks 29
1.3.5 Short-range wireless communications technology: Bluetooth, ZigBee, RFID and Ultra-Wideband Radios 30
Problems 35
Chapter 2 Wireless propagation channel modeling: large-scale path loss and shadowing 37
2.1 Radio wave propagation and frequency band for radio communications 37
2.1.1 Introduction to radio wave propagation 37
2.1.2 Frequency band for radio communications 38
2.1.3 Doppler frequency shift 39
2.1.4 Equivalent low-pass representation of passband signals 40
2.2 Free space propagation model 40
2.3 Ray tracing mechanisms and models 43
2.3.1 Reflection 44
2.3.2 Diffraction 45
2.3.3 Scattering 47
2.3.4 General ray tracing model 48
2.3.5 Ground reflection two-ray model 48
2.4 Empirical outdoor path loss models 50
2.4.1 Okumura path loss model 51
2.4.2 Hata model 51
2.4.3 Extension to Hata model 52
2.5 Indoor path loss models 53
2.5.1 Partition losses on the same floor 53
2.5.2 Partition losses between floors 54
2.5.3 Indoor attenuation loss model 54
2.6 Log-distance path loss model 54
2.7 Log-normal shadowing 55
2.8 Link budget 56
2.8.1 Calculation of the noise power 56
2.8.2 Link budget calculation 57
Problems 58
Chapter 3 Wireless propagation channel modeling: small-scale fading and statistical multipath channel 61
3.1 Factors influencing small-scale fading 61
3.1.1 Multipath propagation and the signal bandwidth 61
3.1.2 Relative motion of the receiver, transmitter and/or surrounding objects 62
3.2 Channel impulse response model 62
3.3 Small-scale fading mechanism and channel classification 66
3.3.1 Time delay spreading of a channel 67
3.3.2 Channel coherence bandwidth 68
3.3.3 Flat fading channel 70
3.3.4 Frequency-selective fading channel 70
3.3.5 Doppler spread and channel coherence time 71
3.3.6 Slow fading channel 72
3.3.7 Fast fading channel 72
3.4 Performance degradations viewed in different domain 73
3.4.1 Small-scale fading mechanisms in quasi-duality view 73
3.4.2 Performance degradations due to time spreading viewed in time delay domain 73
3.4.3 Performance degradation due to time spreading viewed in the frequency domain 75
3.4.4 Performance degradation due to time variance viewed in the time domain 76
3.4.5 Performance degradation due to time variance viewed in the Doppler shift domain 76
3.5 Envelope distributions of fading channels 78
3.5.1 Rayleigh fading channel 78
3.5.2 Ricean fading channel 79
3.5.3 Nakagami fading channel 80
3.6 Level crossing rate and average fading duration 81
Problems 82
Chapter 4 Digital modulations over wireless channels 83
4.1 Transmitter and receiver diagrams 84
4.2 Signal space representation 85
4.2.1 Signal space and constellation 85
4.2.2 Decision regions and the maximum likelihood decision criterion 88
4.3 Modulation principles and formats 90
4.3.1 Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) 90
4.3.2 Multiple phase shift keying (MPSK) 92
4.3.3 Multiple Quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) 101
4.3.4 Frequency modulation 102
4.4 Pulse shaping 104
4.4.1 Rectangular pulse 104
4.4.2 Cosine pulses 106
4.4.3 Raised cosine pulse 106
4.4.4 Root cosine pulse 106
4.4.5 Gaussian pulse 108
4.5 Performance of digital modulations over wireless channels 109
4.5.1 Performance of digital modulations over AWGN channel 109
4.5.2 Performance of digital modulations over wireless fading channels 113
4.5.3 Effect of delay and frequency spread on the error probability 117
Problems 119
Chapter 5 Diversity, channel coding and equalization 121
5.1 Diversity 122
5.1.1 Different realization methods of diversity 122
5.1.2 Combining techniques of receiver diversity 123
5.1.3 Polarization diversity 129
5.1.4 Frequency diversity 130
5.2 Channel coding over fading channel 130
5.2.1 Fundamentals of channel coding 131
5.2.2 Block coding 132
5.2.3 Convolutional codes 137
5.2.4 Coding and interleaving for fading channels 141
5.3 Equalization 143
5.3.1 Time domain equalization 144
5.3.2 Frequency domain equalizer 149
Problems 150
Chapter 6 Spread spectrum systems and spread spectrum with RAKE receiver 153
6.1 Spread spectrum 153
6.1.1 Principle of spread spectrum 153
6.1.2 Characteristics of spread spectrum communications 155
6.1.3 Pseudo-random sequences in spread spectrum systems 157
6.2 Spread spectrum with RAKE receiver 180
Problems 182
Chapter 7 Multicarrier modulation and multi-antenna systems 183
7.1 Multicarrier modulation 183
7.1.1 Overview of multicarrier modulations 183
7.1.2 Fundamentals of OFDM 184
7.1.3 Principle of OFDM modulation and demodulation 185
7.1.4 Guard interval (GI) and cyclic prefix (CP) 186
7.1.5 Oversampling of IDFT 188
7.1.6 Structure of OFDM modulation and demodulation 188
7.1.7 Design of the parameters of OFDM 190
7.1.8 Advantages and disadvantages of OFDM 190
7.1.9 Applications of OFDM 191
7.2 Multi-antenna systems 192
7.2.1 MIMO channel model 193
7.2.2 MIMO channel capacity 195
7.2.3 Applications of MIMO 196
7.2.4 Massive MIMO 199
Problems 200
Chapter 8 Duplexing, multiple access and cellular design fundamentals 203
8.1 Duplexing 203
8.1.1 FDD 203
8.1.2 TDD 204
8.1.3 Combination of FDD and TDD 205
8.1.4 Full duplex (FD) 205
8.2 Multiple access 205
8.2.1 Introduction to multiple access 205
8.2.2 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) 206
8.2.3 Time division multiple access (TDMA) 207
8.2.4 Code division multiple access (CDMA) 209
8.2.5 Multiple access for packet radio (PR) 211
8.3 Cellular system design fundamentals 217
8.3.1 Channel reuse principle 217
8.3.2 Handoff processing 222
8.3.3 A simplified prototype cellular system 224
Problems 230
References 231
Index 235