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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS 1
1 AMINO ACIDS & PEPTIDES 1
2 PROTEINS: PRIMARY STRUCTURE 8
3 PROTEINS: HIGHER ORDERS OF STRUCTURE 14
4 PROTEINS: MYOGLOBIN & HEMOGLOBIN 24
CHAPTER 2 STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 33
1 CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 33
2 DNA CARRIES THE GENETIC INFORMATION 37
3 CHEMICAL NATURE OF RNA DIFFERS FROM THAT OF DNA 39
4 ESSENCIAL PROPERTIES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 45
5 BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS 46
CHAPTER 3 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ENZYME 51
1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ENZYME 51
2 MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ENZYMES AND COENZYMES 55
3 KINETICS OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS 62
4 REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITIES 69
CHAPTER 4 METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES 77
1 CARBOHYDRATES & ITS DIGESTION/ABSORPTION 77
2 GLYCOLYSIS 78
3 AEROBIC OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE 84
4 PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY & OTHER PATHWAYS OF HEXOSE METABOLISM 93
5 METABOLISM OF GLYCOGEN 103
6 GLUCONEOGENESIS & THE CONTROL OF BLOOD GLUCOSE 111
CHAPTER 5 METABOLISM OF LIPIDS 121
1 LIPIDS OF PHYSIOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE 121
2 OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS 128
3 BIOSYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS 137
4 METABOLISM OF TRIGLYCERIDES 144
5 METABOLISM OF CHOLESTEROL 146
6 METABOLISM OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS 150
7 LIPID TRANSPORT & STORAGE 152
CHAPTER 6 BIOENERGETICS 163
1 BIOENERGETICS: THE ROLE OF ATP 163
2 BIOLOGIC OXIDATION 168
3 THE MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN & OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 172
CHAPTER 7 METABOLISM OF AMINO ACID 184
1 THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE, DIGESTION & ABSORPTION OF PROTEIN 184
2 CATABOLISM OF PROTEINS & AMINO ACIDS 186
3 CATABOLISM OF THE CARBON SKELETONS OF AMINO ACIDS 195
4 CONVERSION OF AMINO ACIDS TO SPECILIZED PRODUCTS 210
CHAPTER 8 METABOLISM OF PURINE & PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES 219
1 BIOSYNTHESIS OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES 219
2 DEGRADATION OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES 223
3 BIOSYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES 224
4 CATABOLISM OF PYRIMIDINES PRODUCES WATER-SOLUBLE METABOLITES 226
CHAPTER 9 DNA REPLICATION & REPAIR 228
1 DNA REPLICATION 228
2 DNA REPAIR 238
CHAPTER 10 RNA SYNTHESIS, PROCESSING & MODIFICATION 242
1 RNA SYNTHESIS 242
2 RNA PROCESSING & MODIFICATION 252
CHAPTER 11 REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION 259
BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE 259
1 OUTLINE OF GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION 259
2 GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION IN PROKARYOTIC 267
3 GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION IN EUKARYOTES 274
CHAPTER 12 PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS 282
BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE 282
1 SYSTEM OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 282
2 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CAN BE DESCRIBED IN THREE PHASES: INITIATION, ELONGA TION & TERMINATION 285
3 BIOMEDICINE SIGNIFICANCY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 292
4 INTRACELLULAR TRAFFIC & SORTING OF PROTEINS 297
5 PROTEIN FOLDING AND DEGRA- DATION AS WELL AS ASSAMBLY OF MEMBRANCE 307
CHAPTER 13 ESSENCIAL TECHNIQUES FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 317
1 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY INVOLVES ISOLATION AND MANIPULATION OF DNA 317
2 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY ARE NUMEROUS 328
CHAPTER 14 BIOCHEMISTRY OF EXTRACELLULAR & INTRACELLULAR COMMUNI-CATION 336
1 MEMBRANES: STRUCTURE & FUNCTION 336
2 THE DIVERSITY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 356
3 HORMONE ACTION & SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 359
CHAPTER 15 NUTRIENTS: VITAMINS & MINERALS 377
1 LIPID-SOLUBLE VITAMINS 377
2 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS 384
CHAPTER 16 FREE RADICALS AND ANTIOXIDANT NUTRIENTS 394
1 FREE RADICALS 394
2 ANTIOXIDANT NUTRIENTS 396
CHAPTER 17 GLYCOPROTEINS 399
1 OVERVIEW OF GLYCOPROTEIN 399
2 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GLYCAN IN GLYCOPROTEIN 403
CHAPTER 18 THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 421
1 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF COLLAGEN & ELASTIN 421
2 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF FIBRONECTIN & LAMIN 426
3 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS & PROTEOGLYCANS 428
4 BONE AND CARTILAGE 435
CHAPTER 19 PLASMA PROTEINS & IMMUNOGLOBULINS 442
1 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE MAJOR PLASMA PROTEINS 442
2 PLASMA PROTEINS INVOLVED IN MAINTAINING IRON HOMEOSTASIS 447
3 PLASMA IMMUNOGLOBULINS 459
CHAPTER 20 METABOLISM OF XENOBIOTICS 466
1 INTRODUCTION 466
2 BIOTRANSFORMATION 466
CHAPTER 21 CANCER: AN OVERVIEW 471
1 INTRODUCTION 471
2 ONCOGENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND GROWTH FACTORS 472
3 THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TUMORIGENESIS 476
CHINESE-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 486