本书吸收和借鉴语言经济性理论、语用策略理论、系统功能语言学理论及认知理论等最新研究成果，依据英语学术论文体裁特点，将学术语篇视为一个以不同层级的交际意图为主导，以三大元功能语篇语义为三维空间，以评价性语言资源为重要参数的多维网络，具有意图性、复杂性和三维动态性特征，适配和扩展激活是该网络在语篇意义建构中的运作方式。经济的语篇实质就是意图网络地有效建构，因此，对语用经济策略分析的实质就是对实现语篇层级意图网络有效建构资源手段的解构和剖析。语用经济策略分为明示和隐含两大类。这两大类语用经济策略的综合运用共同促成科技语篇的优化。

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　语言经济性和语用策略一直以来都是语用学理论研究的重要论题。自20世纪40年代George Kingsley Zipf首次明确提出省力原则以来，众多学者从不同的角度探讨语言交际的经济性问题。语法学家和修辞学家认为省略是语言经济性的一个重要体现，共同探讨了省略句的功效意义和修辞特点。结构主义语言学家透过语言的物质表层进入语言系统内部研究语言的经济性。他们注意到了人类语言使用的一个经济现象：少量的语音组成大批的音节承载辨义的音段，这些音段构成上千的词，这些词又被赋予了几百万种意义，而在这几百万种意义上可能造出的句子和话语的数目则是个天文数字。他们认为人类之所以能够通过对语言基础单位的重新组合生成无限多的句子是因为语言的层次性和结构原则。语言经济性不仅体现在语言系统的结构方面，也体现在人们对语言的实际运用方面。语用学家从各自不同的观察角度出发，讨论语言经济性问题，并提出了一系列用以指导高效交际的语用原则，如：格莱斯的合作原则、荷恩会话两原则和莱文森的会话三原则等。关联理论提出的明示推理交际模式和最佳关联原则将语用和认知相结合，从而探讨人类言语行为的经济性。语言学界对言语经济性问题的讨论大致经历了从语法、语用到认知这样一个发展过程。在该过程中，研究的中心渐从语言形式上的表现转移到言语行为背后的意识活动。
　　语用策略的研究大致始于20世纪60年代奥斯汀的“逻辑与会话”理论和塞尔的言语行为理论。语言的选择意味着策略的选择，策略的使用融汇于人类的语言交际。语用策略的恰当使用对于交际的成功至关重要。任何一种能够使人类交际变得更为顺畅、交际行为更符合社会规范、交际意图更容易实现的语篇策略都可称为语用策略。在语言使用中，我们经常思考的问题之一是如何采用相对最佳的方式表达自己的意思，促成交际意图的实现。该问题的解决有赖于语用学与修辞学的互补性合作。语言经济性是语用学和修辞学共同关注的话题。语用经济策略体现了语用策略研究对修辞学的借鉴，可称之为一种语用修辞策略。
　　本书吸收和借鉴语言经济性理论、语用策略理论、系统功能语言学理论及意向性理论等最新研究成果的基础上，依据科技语篇的规律和特点，以语篇意义高效形成为出发点，提出了一个语用经济策略分析框架——语篇意义形成的意图网络。交际意图聚集在语篇空间中，语篇意义的生成离不开语篇使用者的交际意图。语篇为交际意图的存在提供了生存空间，而语篇意义的生成过程是交际意图再现、再生和发展的过程。对语篇交际意图的分析就是对语篇的分析。语篇之所以有意义，正是因为在它的表层结构所激活的深层结构中存在一个意图网络——意义连续体。语篇意义形成的意图网络以不同层级的交际意图为主导，以三大元功能语义为三维空间，以评价性语言资源为重要参数的复杂系统。该网络提供的是语篇的内隐知识，适配和扩展激活是该网络在语篇建构中的运作方式。经济的语篇实质就是意图网络的有效建构，语用经济策略就是指能够实现语篇意图网络有效建构的语用修辞策略。对语用经济策略的分析，实质上是对实现语篇意图网络有效建构资源手段的解构和剖析。语用经济策略分为明示策略和隐含策略。这两大类语用经济策略的综合运用共同促成科技语篇的优化。明示策略主要包括宏观结构策略、信息调控策略、主位组织策略和元语用框架策略。隐含策略主要包括语用前提策略、信源转换策略、及物性策略和知识结构策略。

Contents
前言
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Rationale 1
1.2 Methodology and Data for the Research 4
1.2.1 Data Collection 5
1.2.2 Corpus Building 6
1.3 Data Analysis 7
1.3.1 Analysis Instruments 7
1.3.2 Analysis Procedures 8
Chapter 2 Linguistic Economy and Pragmatic Strategy 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Linguistic Economy 11
2.2.1 Origin of Linguistic Economy 11
2.2.2 Syntactic Economy 14
2.2.3 Pragmatic Economy 16
2.3 Pragmatic Strategy 19
2.3.1 Definition of Pragmatic Strategy 19
2.3.2 Classification of Pragmatic Strategies 21
2.4 Integration of Pragmatic Strategy with Linguistic Economy 24
2.5 Summary 26
Chapter 3 Motivation for Implementing Strategies of Pragmatic Economy in RAs 28
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Intention and Some Similar Words 29
3.2.1 Intention and Intentionality 29
3.2.2 Intention and Goal 31
3.3 Intentional Explanation of Meaning 34
3.3.1 Philosophical Orientation 34
3.3.2 Pragmatic Orientation 37
3.3.3 Discoursive Orientation 40
3.4 Scientific Communication 43
3.4.1 Scientific Discourse Community 43
3.4.2 Scientific Communication as Intentional Interaction 45
3.5 Intention, Meaning and Strategies for Pragmatic Economy 48
3.6 Summary 51
Chapter 4 The Carrier of Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 52
4.1 Introduction 52
4.2 Intentional Network of Discourse Meaning Formation 54
4.2.1 Concept of Intentional Network 54
4.2.2 Intentionality 56
4.2.3 Complexity 61
4.2.4 Three-dimension Dynamics 63
4.2.5 Cognitive Mechanism of Intentional Network 64
4.3 Definition of Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 66
4.4 Summary 69
Chapter 5 Explicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 70
5.1 Introduction 70
5.2 Definition of Explicit Pragmatic Strategies 71
5.3 Pragmatic Macro-structure Strategies 73
5.3.1 Definition of Pragmatic Macro-structure 73
5.3.2 Division of an RA into Sections 75
5.3.3 Length of RAs 79
5.3.4 Pragmatic Macro-structures of RA Sections 81
5.4 Thematic Organization Strategies 92
5.4.1 Thematic Choice 92
5.4.2 Thematic Progression 104
5.5 Information Manipulation Strategies 107
5.6 Meta-pragmatic Framing Strategies 111
5.7 Summary 115
Chapter 6 Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 117
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Definition of Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy 118
6.3 Pragmatic Presupposition Strategy 119
6.3.1 Pragmatic Presupposition and Pragmatic Strategy 119
6.3.2 Norminalization as Presupposition Trigger 121
6.4 Knowledge Structure Strategy 125
6.4.1 Schemata Strategy 126
6.4.2 Frame Strategy 130
6.5 Transitivity Structure 132
6.6 Shift of Information Attribution 136
6.7 Summary 143
Chapter 7 Integration of Explicit and Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 144
7.1 Introduction 144
7.2 Persuasion as Psychological Interaction 144
7.3 Persuasive Effect of Style 146
7.3.1 Persuasion and Style 146
7.3.2 Contextual Constraints on Style 148
7.4 Comprehensive Application of Strategies 153
7.5 Summary 157
Bibliography 158
Appendix 168
List of Tables
Table 5.1 Pragmatic macro-structure of RAs across journals 76
Table 5.2 Examples of unconventional RA section headings 77
Table 5.3 Variability in the number of sections 79
Table 5.4 Absolute length of the sections across journals 79
Table 5.5 Three-move structure for the RA Introduction section (Swales, 1990)82
Table 5.6 Revised CARS model (Swales, 2004) 82
Table 5.7 Frequency of pragmatic macro-structure of the Introduction section in the corpus 84
Table 5.8 Pragmatic macro-structure of the Method section in the corpus 88
Table 5.9 Move structure for RA Results section (Brett, 1994)89
Table 5.10 Pragmatic macro-structure for the Discussion section 90
Table 5.11 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Results and Discussion section in the corpus 91
Table 5.12 Distribution of simple and multiple themes across sections 93
Table 5.13 Percentages and frequent cases of textual themes across sections 94
Table 5.14 Topical marked and unmarked themes across sections 98
Table 5.15 Percentages of contextual marked themes across sections 98
Table 5.16 Percentages of types of subject heads of unmarked themes across sections 100
Table 5.17 Frequency of specialized structures per 1000 words 109
Table 5.18 Metapragmatic markers across sections per 1000 words (% of total)115
Table 6.1 Frequency of norminalization in other-sourced reports per 1000 words 124
Table 6.2 Transitivity structure across sections 134
Table 6.3 Frequency of source types per 1000 words 140
Table 6.4 Frequency of reporting verbs per 1000 words in the self-sourced hidden clauses with a non-human subject 141
Table 6.5 Frequency of source types in other-sourced reports per 1000 words 142
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Direct Action (Leech, 1983) 22
Figure 2.2 Indirect Action (Leech, 1983) 23
Figure 2.3 Complex Indirect Action (Leech, 1983) 24
Figure 3.1 Intentional interaction in scientific communication 46
Figure 3.2 Intention, meaning and strategies for pragmatic economy 50
Figure 4.1 Intentional network of discourse meaning formation in RAs 56
Figure 4.2 The position of sentence connectors in academic English 60
Figure 4.3 Communicative intentions in the model text 60
Figure 4.4 Structural relations of communicative intentions in the model text 61
Figure 5.1 Structure of an experimental scientific article (Renkema, 1993) 75
Figure 5.2 Relative length of each section across journals 80
Figure 5.3 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Theoretical Analysis section 86
Figure 5.4 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Method section in the corpus 88
Figure 5.5 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Conclusions section in the corpus 92
Figure 5.6 Progressive cline of writer visibility 103
Figure 6.1 The origin of schemata (Swales, 1990) 127
Figure 6.2 Schemata used in discourse production 129
Figure 6.3 Frame for measurement environment of a device 132
Figure 6.4 Reporting sources 138
Figure 6.5 Frequency of clause types in self-sourced reports per 1000 words 140
Figure 7.1 Comprehensive application of strategies 155
List of Graphs
Graph 5.1 Comparison of the general tendency of each section to appear in RAs across journals 81
Graph 5.2 Dynamics of unmarked themes 103